01
AI System Inventory and Data Mapping
You cannot assess what you have not catalogued. A defensible AI PIA starts with a complete inventory of every AI system, the personal data it ingests, and the data flows across entities and processors. This must be linked to your Record of Processing Activities, not maintained in a separate silo.
Maps to: ROPA management with cross-entity data mapping
02
Purpose Limitation and Legal Basis Analysis
For each AI use case, document the specific purpose, the legal basis for processing (consent, legitimate interest, or another valid ground), and how purpose limitation is enforced when models are retrained or repurposed. The CNIL's recommendations specifically require that every AI system using personal data have a well-defined, explicit, and legitimate objective established at the project's outset.
Source: CNIL AI development recommendations, 2025
03
Algorithmic Risk Classification
Classify each AI system according to the EU AI Act risk tiers: unacceptable, high, limited, and minimal. Then map that classification to GDPR Article 35's "likely to result in a high risk" threshold. The CNIL has stated that for all high-risk systems under the AI Act, a DPIA will be presumed necessary when development or deployment involves personal data.
Source: CNIL DPIA guidance for AI systems; EU AI Act risk framework (Regulation 2024/1689)
04
Transfer Impact Assessment (TIA)
When training data, model outputs, or personal data cross borders, a TIA is required alongside your PIA. This is especially critical for organizations using cloud-based AI services with sub-processors in non-adequate countries. An AI model trained on EU employee data, deployed in a US subsidiary, and hosted by a processor in Singapore triggers overlapping obligations under GDPR, US state privacy laws, and local regulations.
Maps to: integrated DPIA/TIA workflows and SCC management
05
Stakeholder Consultation and Sign-Off
GDPR Article 35(9) requires controllers to seek the views of data subjects where appropriate. Beyond that regulatory minimum, an AI PIA should involve ML engineers, product owners, legal, and the DPO, with documented sign-off at each stage. Regulators expect to see not just that consultation happened, but who was consulted and when.
Source: GDPR Article 35(9); ICO guidance on DPIA requirements
06
Mitigation Measures and Residual Risk Documentation
For every identified risk, document the mitigation measure, the responsible owner, the implementation deadline, and the residual risk level. Regulators expect risks to be actioned, not merely identified. Under the EU AI Act, high-risk AI systems require continuous identification, analysis, estimation, and mitigation of risks throughout the system lifecycle.
Source: EU AI Act, Article 9 (risk management); non-compliance penalties up to 35M EUR or 7% of global revenue
07
Recertification and Continuous Monitoring Triggers
Define the events that trigger a reassessment: model retraining, new data sources, expansion to new jurisdictions, or regulatory changes. The EU AI Act requires providers of high-risk AI systems to establish a post-market monitoring system that actively and systematically collects and analyzes performance data throughout the system's lifetime. A one-time assessment is no longer sufficient.
Source: EU AI Act, Article 72 (post-market monitoring obligations)